Thursday, October 11, 2012
Wednesday, October 10, 2012
AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
COMPARISON BETWEEN INDIA AND UK
AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
Agriculture provides the principal means of livelihood for over 58.4% of India's population. It contributes approximately one-fifth of total gross domestic product (GDP). Agriculture accounts for about 10 per cent of the total export earnings and provides raw material to a large number of industries. Low and volatile growth rates and the recent escalation of agrarian crisis in several parts of the Indian countryside, however, are a threat not only to national food security, but also to the economic well-being of the nation as a whole.
In this section important links are given regarding the policies and plans made by Government and numerous other things which may be of a great help to the farming community and a lot of other people dependent on agriculture in one way or the other.
kilogram per hectare | kilogram per hectare | kilogram per hectare[53] | |
Rice | 1123 | 1740 | 2240 |
Wheat | 1307 | 2281 | 2938 |
Pulses | 524 | 578 | 689 |
Oilseeds | 579 | 771 | 1325 |
Sugarcane | 48322 | 65395 | 68596 |
Tea | 1182 | 1652 | 1669 |
Cotton | 106 | 225 | 510 |
Agriculture also
called farming or husbandry is
the cultivation
of animals, plants, and other
life forms for food, fiber, biofuel and other
products used to sustain life.Agriculture was the key development in the rise
of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming
of domesticated species created food surpluses that
nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is
known as agricultural science.
The UK has rarely been self-sufficient in terms of food supply and its
modern pattern of agriculture reflects a combination of history, current public
policy and comparative advantage.
Since the Enclosure Acts of the eighteenth century, the UK's uplands (including Wales and the Scottish Highlands) have largely been associated with animal
husbandry and forestry. However, by the time of the Enclosure Acts, most of lowland Britain
was already enclosed by processes such as assarting or illegal, but tolerated,
piecemeal enclosure. However, evidence of the former open
field system of agriculture can still be
seen in some parts of the landscape, such as in the indentations remaining from
boundary ditches of the former farming strips. Enclosure, in turn, led to
intensification.
Most UK agriculture is intensive and highly mechanised, with the use of chemical fertilisers and insecticides routine. By European standards it is very efficient, although that
does not necessarily make it profitable. This intense nature was compounded in
the post-War years, with fields being expanded at the expense of hedgrows. This
process has been heavily criticised for damaging biodiversity.
Agriculture in India has a
significant history. Today, India ranks second worldwide in
farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries accounted
for 16.6% of the GDP in 2009, about 50% of the total workforce.
The economic contribution of agriculture to India's
GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic growth.
Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a
significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.
In India farms are
very small and distributed in many farmers . They also lack mordern
techniques.
Industrialisation (or industrialization)
is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from
an agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of
a wider modernisation process, where social
change and economic development are closely related
with technological innovation, particularly with the development of
large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive
organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.
In 19th century, the industries in
United Kingdom have developed significantly. This is from small cottages to
large factories industries. One of the industrial towns is Manchester; its
industry was improved significantly from a market town to a leading centre of a
cotton industry. So people from the countryside chose to migrate to urban
industrialise areas for access to job.
One Disadvantage of Industralisation
In UK is that problems related to health become dominant in town
areas. In fact, the average of death rate of professional persons and gentry in
Manchester were 38 whereas in Rutland (shire) were 52. The average of date rate
of tradesmen in Manchester were 20 whereas in Rutland (shire) were 40. The
average of death rate of mechanics and labourers in Manchester were 17 whereas
in Rutland (shire) were 38. Therefore, Rutland (shire) has a higher death rate
compared to Manchester’s death rate.
All in all, there were benefits and
drawback of industrialisation in United KIngdom mainly because it has
started to become well developed countries. Although that there were health and
social issues at this time, the government has managed to implement laws in
order to solve this matter.
The number of Industries in India have increased manifold in the last
few years. The numerous Indian Industries are growing in stature and gaining
more importance as days pass by. Though the main occupation has been
agriculture for the bulk of the Indian population, recently India is moving
towards rapid industrialization with its different sectors like the Iron &
Steel Industries in India,IT Industries in India, Food and Beverage Industries
in India , Indian Travel & Tourism Industries, Business Process Outsourcing
Industries in India coming into prominence.
One major Disadvantage of industralization in India
is major health diseases affeccted specially to new born Generation.Some more
disadvantages are :-
(i) Cities became crowded, smoky, with problems of
slums, housing, sanitation, accidents and epidemics.
(ii) Women and child labour was badly exploited.
(iii) Workers suffered from long working hours, low
wages, and
unemployment, unsafe conditions of work, with no rights to vote strike or form
trade unions.
In this Fig- Air
Pollution
In India farms are very small and distributed in many farmers . They also lack mordern techniques.
One Disadvantage of Industralisation In UK is that problems related to health become dominant in town areas. In fact, the average of death rate of professional persons and gentry in Manchester were 38 whereas in Rutland (shire) were 52. The average of date rate of tradesmen in Manchester were 20 whereas in Rutland (shire) were 40. The average of death rate of mechanics and labourers in Manchester were 17 whereas in Rutland (shire) were 38. Therefore, Rutland (shire) has a higher death rate compared to Manchester’s death rate.
All in all, there were benefits and drawback of industrialisation in United KIngdom mainly because it has started to become well developed countries. Although that there were health and social issues at this time, the government has managed to implement laws in order to solve this matter.
One major Disadvantage of industralization in India is major health diseases affeccted specially to new born Generation.Some more disadvantages are :-
(i) Cities became crowded, smoky, with problems of slums, housing, sanitation, accidents and epidemics.
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